-struggle b/w militant Catholicism
and Calvinism
-dynastic struggles -- Charles V divided
empire b/w sons
-Protestant Union and Catholic League
in Germany
-HRE wished to consolidate their
authority -- experienced resistance from
Germany who looked to France; so looked to
Spain for help
-geo-political (France supporting Sweden)
and economic
-eventually all this tension erupted in violence
--a great war of Europe
-Bohemian phase: Bohemian states crowned Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand (Catholic) as king; many nobles = Calvinist, so they rebelled -- defenestration of Prague
rebels seized control of Bohemia and elected Frederick V
Battle of White Mtn. -- Maximilan of Bavaria and Catholic League fought back, defeating nobles
-Danish phase: (France concerned w/Catholic hegemony) King Christian IV of Denmark (Lutheran) led army into Germany to intervene in conflict (and gain territory); imperial forces were strong, defeated Danes; Frederck II issued Edict of Restitution (prohibited Calvinism)
-Swedish phase: France provided financial support to Swedish king b/c disliked Habsburg power; Swedish army swept imperial forces out of Germany; Gustavus (king of Sweden) was eventually killed in battle; imperial army defeated Swedes and drove them out of Germany
-Franco-Swedish phase: Catholic French supported Protestant Swedes against Catholic Habsburgs of Germany and Spain (Reason of State); Battle of Rocroi in 1643, French defeated Spain, then Bavarian armies in south Germany; Peace of Pyrenees in 1659 ended conflict
-Peace of Westphalia, 1648
Short term:
-Habsburg authority over Germany diminshed--exposed vulnerability of German lands
-Spain=second-class power
-France=dominant power in Europe
-Peace of Westphalia--all German states free to determine their own religion
Long term:
-brought an end to HRE as political entity
-ensured German disunity for another 200 years
-religion and politics=separate worlds (Reason of State)
-states work together to maintain balance of power
Religious: Calvinism finally recognized as co-equal w/Catholicism and Lutheranism; still, Catholic claims were lost
-religion and politics became separate worlds--religion lost some of its political influence
-reason of state and secular political motives came into being
-diplomats began discussing issues in a secular view
-checkmate to Counter Reformation
30 Years' War
and Calvinism
-dynastic struggles -- Charles V divided
empire b/w sons
-Protestant Union and Catholic League
in Germany
-HRE wished to consolidate their
authority -- experienced resistance from
Germany who looked to France; so looked to
Spain for help
-geo-political (France supporting Sweden)
and economic
-eventually all this tension erupted in violence
--a great war of Europe
rebels seized control of Bohemia and elected Frederick V
Battle of White Mtn. -- Maximilan of Bavaria and Catholic League fought back, defeating nobles
-Danish phase: (France concerned w/Catholic hegemony) King Christian IV of Denmark (Lutheran) led army into Germany to intervene in conflict (and gain territory); imperial forces were strong, defeated Danes; Frederck II issued Edict of Restitution (prohibited Calvinism)
-Swedish phase: France provided financial support to Swedish king b/c disliked Habsburg power; Swedish army swept imperial forces out of Germany; Gustavus (king of Sweden) was eventually killed in battle; imperial army defeated Swedes and drove them out of Germany
-Franco-Swedish phase: Catholic French supported Protestant Swedes against Catholic Habsburgs of Germany and Spain (Reason of State); Battle of Rocroi in 1643, French defeated Spain, then Bavarian armies in south Germany; Peace of Pyrenees in 1659 ended conflict
-Peace of Westphalia, 1648
-Habsburg authority over Germany diminshed--exposed vulnerability of German lands
-Spain=second-class power
-France=dominant power in Europe
-Peace of Westphalia--all German states free to determine their own religion
Long term:
-brought an end to HRE as political entity
-ensured German disunity for another 200 years
-religion and politics=separate worlds (Reason of State)
-states work together to maintain balance of power
-religion and politics became separate worlds--religion lost some of its political influence
-reason of state and secular political motives came into being
-diplomats began discussing issues in a secular view
-checkmate to Counter Reformation